Key Statistics
Key Takeaways
- Front-end equipment dominates the current market structure with 87.6% share because lithography, etch, deposition, cleaning and process control account for the largest capital intensity in wafer fabrication.
- Foundry and logic is the strongest application segment as AI accelerators, 2 nm gate-all-around logic and high-performance computing drive leading-edge capacity additions and technology migration.
- 300 mm equipment represents the industry standard for volume manufacturing and accounts for 75% of equipment sales in the current market structure, while 200 mm remains important in automotive, analog and industrial specialties.
- Asia Pacific is the dominant region through Taiwan, South Korea, China and Japan. SEMI reported that China, Taiwan and Korea together accounted for 79% of global semiconductor equipment spending in 2025.
- AI is increasing both front-end and back-end equipment intensity. SEMI forecasts 2026 total semiconductor manufacturing equipment sales of USD 165.9 billion, including USD 143.9 billion of wafer-fab equipment, USD 15.3 billion of test equipment and USD 6.7 billion of assembly and packaging equipment.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Market Overview
Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment market is estimated at USD 116.70 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 185.90 billion by 2034, representing a 5.3% CAGR during 2026–2034. The 2026 market size is USD 122.90 billion. Asia Pacific is the dominant region because Taiwan, South Korea, China and Japan contain the deepest concentration of leading-edge foundries, memory fabs and semiconductor equipment supply chains.
Semiconductor manufacturing equipment covers the systems used to pattern, deposit, etch, clean, measure, inspect, test, assemble and package integrated circuits. Front-end wafer fabrication carries the highest capital intensity because each node transition requires tighter patterning, thinner films, more complex device structures and more process-control steps. Back-end equipment is becoming strategically more important as chiplets, HBM and heterogeneous integration move package complexity closer to front-end manufacturing standards.
The market is structurally concentrated because several critical process steps have very high technical barriers. ASML is the sole commercial supplier of EUV lithography systems, while Applied Materials, Lam Research, Tokyo Electron and KLA hold strong positions across deposition, etch, cleaning and process control. The result is an equipment ecosystem where installed base, customer process knowledge, field service and co-development relationships can be as important as the initial tool specification.
AI is changing the investment mix. Leading-edge logic requires 2 nm gate-all-around processing, advanced DRAM and HBM need additional patterning and deposition, and high-density packaging adds TSV, hybrid bonding, wafer-level plating and advanced test. SEMI’s 2026 mid-year outlook points to strong equipment growth across wafer fab, test and packaging, reinforcing that AI demand increases manufacturing intensity across the full process flow rather than in one equipment category.
Segment Analysis: By Type
By type, the market covers Front-end Equipment, Back-end Equipment and Metrology & Inspection Equipment. Front-end equipment is the largest category because wafer fabrication requires repeated lithography, deposition, etch, clean and thermal cycles before a finished die is ready for packaging. Process-control equipment is strategically important because shrinking features and 3D device structures make defect detection and dimensional control increasingly difficult.
| Type | Manufacturing role | Market position |
|---|---|---|
| Front-end Equipment | Includes lithography, deposition, etch, clean, ion implant, thermal processing and related wafer-fabrication tools. These systems create transistor, interconnect and memory structures layer by layer and require nanometer-scale process control across many repeated steps. | Largest type, 87.6% share. Leading-edge logic, DRAM, HBM and 3D NAND increase process-step count and tool intensity, while each node transition can require new equipment generations or upgrades. |
| Back-end Equipment | Includes assembly, bonding, packaging and test equipment used after wafer fabrication. Advanced packaging increasingly involves wafer-level plating, TSV processing, die bonding, hybrid bonding, fan-out and high-power final test. | A high-growth strategic segment. AI and HBM increase package complexity and test intensity. SEMI forecasts 2026 test-equipment sales at USD 15.3 billion and assembly/packaging equipment at USD 6.7 billion in the broader equipment industry. |
| Metrology & Inspection Equipment | Measures critical dimensions, film thickness, overlay, defects and process variation so fabs can detect yield excursions before large wafer volumes are affected. Optical, electron-beam and computational methods are combined as structures become smaller and more three-dimensional. | A high-value process-control segment. KLA and other suppliers benefit as advanced nodes and packaging require more inspection steps and more sophisticated defect classification. |
Equipment technology and wafer-size segmentation
The market also segments by equipment technology and wafer size. EUV lithography has the highest strategic growth potential because it is essential to leading-edge patterning, while advanced packaging and 3D NAND stacking increase demand for etch, deposition, CMP and metrology. 300 mm remains the dominant production format for logic and memory because larger wafers improve volume economics; 200 mm persists in analog, power, MEMS and mature-node manufacturing.
| Axis | Segments | Commercial implication |
|---|---|---|
| By Equipment Technology | EUV Lithography · Advanced Packaging · 3D NAND Stacking | EUV enables the smallest leading-edge patterns; advanced packaging expands wafer-level process and test requirements; 3D NAND requires deeper high-aspect-ratio etch and precise deposition as layer counts rise. |
| By Wafer Size | 300 mm Semiconductor Equipment · 200 mm Semiconductor Equipment · Specialty Wafer Sizes | 300 mm dominates high-volume logic and memory. 200 mm remains economically attractive for mature analog, power, MEMS and automotive products, while specialty wafer sizes serve compound-semiconductor and research applications. |
Segment Analysis: By Application
By application, Foundry and Logic shows the strongest demand, followed by NAND memory, DRAM memory, and package and testing. AI accelerators and high-performance computing support leading-edge logic investment, while HBM drives DRAM equipment intensity and 3D NAND layer migration sustains memory etch and deposition demand.
| Application | Demand characteristics |
|---|---|
| Foundry and Logic | The strongest application includes leading-edge foundry, CPU, GPU and custom accelerator production. Gate-all-around transistors, backside power and advanced interconnect schemes require new deposition, etch, patterning and inspection steps. SEMI forecasts foundry and logic wafer-fab-equipment sales of USD 78.0 billion in 2026 in its broader industry outlook. |
| NAND Memory | 3D NAND scales by adding more vertical layers, creating extreme aspect-ratio etch, staircase patterning, deposition and metrology challenges. SEMI’s 2026 equipment forecast expects NAND-equipment sales of USD 13.9 billion, supported by layer migration and higher-density architectures. |
| DRAM Memory | HBM and advanced DRAM increase capacitor, interconnect and packaging complexity. Equipment demand extends from front-end patterning and materials engineering to TSV, wafer thinning, bonding and test. SEMI forecasts DRAM-equipment sales of USD 38.8 billion in 2026 in the broader industry. |
| Package & Testing | Chiplets, HBM and hybrid bonding raise the value of assembly and test. Advanced packages contain multiple expensive dies and require tighter coplanarity, alignment and electrical screening, so back-end tools are becoming more capital intensive and technically differentiated. |
![]()
Regional Analysis
Asia Pacific dominates the Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment market. Taiwan leads foundry investment, South Korea is central to DRAM and HBM, China remains the largest equipment-spending country in the broader SEMI data set, and Japan combines memory fabs with a powerful domestic equipment and materials industry. North America is expanding through new leading-edge fabs, while Europe has global strength in lithography and specialty equipment.
How do equipment demand patterns differ across major semiconductor regions?
Equipment demand follows fab construction, technology migration and installed-base upgrades. Asia Pacific has the largest absolute spending because it contains the majority of leading foundry and memory capacity. North America is increasing local leading-edge investment through Intel, TSMC and memory projects. Europe combines ASML’s lithography position with automotive and specialty fabs. Emerging regions have smaller direct equipment markets until wafer-fabrication or packaging projects reach construction and tool-install phases.
| Region | Market position | Growth outlook | Demand profile | What decides supplier selection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia Pacific | Dominant | Very high | Foundry, DRAM, NAND & equipment | Technology capability, service and capacity |
| North America | Rapidly expanding | High | Leading-edge logic & memory | Local support, process integration and supply security |
| Europe | Critical technology hub | Moderate to high | Lithography, power & specialty | EUV leadership, lifecycle and automation |
| South America | Small | Selective | Assembly/test & legacy fabs | Cost and refurbished equipment |
| Middle East & Africa | Emerging | Selective | Specialty fabs & future projects | Project execution and ecosystem depth |
Competitive Landscape
Key participants include Applied Materials, ASML, Tokyo Electron, Lam Research, KLA, SCREEN Semiconductor Solutions, ASM International, Carl Zeiss SMT, Hitachi High-Tech, Advantest, Teradyne, NAURA, Axcelis, Onto Innovation and EBEAM. The top five suppliers hold more than 60% share in the current market structure, reflecting high barriers in process IP, installed-base service and customer co-development.
ASML has a unique position in lithography. Its NXE EUV systems support current advanced-node production and the newer EXE High-NA platform raises numerical aperture to 0.55. In 2026 Intel used High-NA EUV in high-volume manufacturing on selected Intel 18A layers, giving ASML a new commercial proof point for next-generation lithography.
Applied Materials competes across deposition, CMP, ion implant, etch-related materials engineering and advanced packaging. Its 2026 AI packaging portfolio includes new equipment for TSV and microbump plating, package CMP, dielectric stress management and hybrid bonding. This breadth allows the company to target both transistor scaling and system-level integration.
Lam Research is strongest in etch and deposition, process steps whose intensity rises as NAND, DRAM, logic and packaging move further into 3D. Lam states that 3D architectures can roughly double deposition and etch intensity. KLA leads process control and inspection, while Advantest and Teradyne benefit from higher test complexity in AI and HBM devices.
Competitive tier structure
| Tier | Companies | Basis of competition |
|---|---|---|
| Front-end leaders | ASML; Applied Materials; Lam Research; Tokyo Electron; ASM International | Lithography, deposition, etch, clean and materials engineering across leading and mature nodes |
| Process-control specialists | KLA; Hitachi High-Tech; Onto Innovation; Carl Zeiss SMT; EBEAM | Inspection, metrology, mask/reticle, electron-beam and yield-management capability |
| Back-end & regional challengers | Advantest; Teradyne; SCREEN; NAURA; Axcelis | Test, clean, implant, packaging and fast-growing domestic equipment positions |
Key companies profiled in the report scope
- Applied Materials, Inc.
- ASML Holding N.V.
- Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL)
- Lam Research Corporation
- KLA Corporation
- SCREEN Semiconductor Solutions
- ASM International
- Carl Zeiss SMT
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation
- Advantest Corporation
- Teradyne Inc.
- NAURA Technology Group
- Axcelis Technologies
- Onto Innovation
- EBEAM Corporation
Semiconductor Equipment Production & Installed-Base Capacity Analysis
Equipment capacity depends on precision-component supply, factory assembly, calibration, customer-site installation and field-service capability. A lithography or deposition system can contain thousands of specialized components and requires months of manufacturing and acceptance work. Effective capacity therefore includes supplier networks, engineering labor and service teams as well as factory floor space.
High-end tool manufacturing is difficult to scale quickly because optics, vacuum modules, RF power, robotics and precision stages have specialized supply chains. ASML’s backlog illustrates the long planning horizon in advanced lithography. Tool suppliers need demand visibility years ahead so component partners can expand production without creating quality problems in extremely low-volume, high-value subsystems.
Installed-base service creates a second capacity layer. Once equipment enters a fab, customers expect uptime above very high thresholds and rapid response to failures. Field upgrades can also increase productivity without replacing the entire system. Suppliers with large service organizations gain recurring revenue and a competitive advantage because process knowledge accumulated on installed tools improves future product development.
Market Dynamics
Growth is driven by AI-related leading-edge logic, HBM and DRAM expansion, 3D NAND layer migration, advanced packaging and regional fab investment. Restraints include high capital cost, export controls, long tool lead times and cyclical fab spending. Opportunities center on High-NA EUV, 3D etch and deposition, AI-enabled process control, advanced packaging and domestic equipment localization.
MARKET DRIVERS
Drivers Impact Analysis*
| Factor | Forecast impact* | Geographic relevance | Impact timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI-driven leading-edge logic investment | High | Taiwan, U.S., Korea | Short to long term |
| HBM and advanced DRAM expansion | High | Korea, Taiwan, U.S. | Medium to long term |
| 3D NAND layer migration | Medium to high | Asia Pacific | Persistent |
| Advanced packaging and test intensity | High | Global packaging hubs | Medium to long term |
*Directional analytical rating; it is not a measured contribution to the headline CAGR.
AI raises manufacturing intensity across the process flow
AI accelerators require leading-edge transistors, HBM and complex packages. Each subsystem adds different equipment requirements, from EUV and atomic-scale deposition to TSV, hybrid bonding and high-power final test. The investment multiplier is therefore broader than a simple increase in wafer starts.
Gate-all-around and High-NA extend leading-edge spending
2 nm and future nodes use gate-all-around transistor structures with more difficult materials and patterning. High-NA EUV improves resolution and can reduce multi-patterning on selected layers. Each transition requires tool purchases, upgrades, process development and metrology, supporting high equipment value per unit of new fab capacity.
HBM increases DRAM and packaging equipment intensity
HBM adds TSV formation, wafer thinning, stacking, bonding and advanced test on top of DRAM wafer processing. Higher stack counts and future hybrid bonding make dimensional control more stringent, supporting deposition, etch, CMP, plating and metrology suppliers across both front-end and packaging flows.
Regionalization creates duplicate capacity investment
Governments and chipmakers are building fabs in the United States, Europe and other regions to improve supply resilience. A more geographically distributed semiconductor footprint can increase aggregate equipment demand because each new site needs a full set of process, utility and support tools even if global wafer demand grows more slowly.
MARKET RESTRAINTS
Restraints Impact Analysis*
| Factor | Forecast impact* | Geographic relevance | Impact timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equipment capital intensity | High | Leading-edge fabs | Persistent |
| Export controls and trade restrictions | High | China-related supply chains | Persistent |
| Long component and installation lead times | Medium to high | Global | Short to medium term |
| Semiconductor capex cyclicality | High | Global | Persistent |
*Directional analytical rating; it is not a measured contribution to the headline CAGR.
Leading-edge tools are extremely expensive
A modern fab requires billions of dollars of equipment before meaningful revenue is generated. High-NA EUV and advanced process-control systems raise the capital threshold further. Customers therefore stage purchases carefully around utilization and technology ramps, which can create sharp order cycles for equipment suppliers.
Trade restrictions can reshape accessible demand
Advanced semiconductor equipment is subject to export controls and licensing rules in several jurisdictions. Suppliers must navigate product-specific restrictions, while customers may accelerate domestic alternatives. These policies can change regional share even when underlying semiconductor demand remains strong.
Precision supply chains limit ramp speed
Tool makers rely on specialized optics, stages, vacuum components, power systems and electronics. A bottleneck in one component can delay a complete system. Rapid AI-driven demand growth therefore requires capacity investment across many supplier tiers, not only at the final equipment manufacturer.
Fab spending remains cyclical
Semiconductor demand can weaken after periods of overinvestment, leading customers to delay tool orders or reduce utilization. Equipment suppliers offset some cyclicality through services and technology migrations, but memory downturns and macroeconomic shocks can still create large year-to-year swings.
MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
Scale High-NA EUV into broader production
Intel’s 2026 use of High-NA EUV in high-volume manufacturing demonstrates production readiness on selected layers. Broader adoption by logic and DRAM customers would create a new high-value lithography cycle and increase demand for compatible masks, metrology and process-control tools.
Expand 3D etch and deposition platforms
Lam Research notes that moving NAND, logic, DRAM and packaging into 3D can roughly double deposition and etch intensity. Equipment suppliers can grow by solving deeper features, conformal films and higher aspect ratios rather than relying only on wafer-volume expansion.
Capture advanced packaging equipment growth
HBM, chiplets and hybrid bonding require wafer-level plating, CMP, bonding, inspection and test. Applied Materials and other suppliers are launching dedicated systems for these inflections. Packaging equipment can therefore become a larger share of semiconductor capital spending as system-level scaling expands.
Use AI for process control and tool productivity
Machine learning can analyze sensor data, predict maintenance, tune recipes and identify defect patterns. Equipment suppliers with large installed bases can use operating data to improve uptime and yield. Software and analytics create recurring revenue and can strengthen customer switching barriers.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Value Chain Analysis
Precision suppliers define the ceiling on tool performance
EUV optics, wafer stages, plasma sources and high-vacuum hardware operate at extreme tolerances. Tool manufacturers depend on specialized component companies that may have only a few global competitors. Scaling output therefore requires joint investment and long qualification cycles throughout the supply chain.
System integration converts components into process capability
Equipment makers combine mechanics, plasma, chemistry, optics, robotics and software into repeatable production systems. Each tool is calibrated before shipment, then customized to customer process requirements. This systems-engineering capability creates high barriers for new entrants even when individual component technologies are available.
Customer qualification embeds the equipment in the process
A fab does not simply install a tool and begin production. Engineers develop recipes, match chambers, validate yield and integrate the equipment with manufacturing execution systems. Once a tool family is qualified across many layers, switching supplier can require extensive process re-development.
Field service protects wafer-fab economics
A high-value fab loses substantial output when a critical tool is down. Equipment suppliers maintain local engineers, spare-part depots and remote diagnostics to keep uptime high. Service also creates recurring revenue and gives suppliers detailed knowledge of customer process requirements for the next equipment generation.
Recent Developments in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Market
Intel and ASML report further High-NA EUV production progress
Intel Foundry and ASML said High-NA EUV continues in high-volume manufacturing, with more than one million wafers processed across certification, R&D and volume production activities and performance meeting expectations on selected Intel 18A layers.
Applied Materials details new HBM and advanced-packaging systems
Applied highlighted Nokota VMax 2 ECD, Opta Quad CMP and Producer Avila 2 PECVD for TSV, microbump, hybrid-bond and thin-die manufacturing challenges in higher-layer-count HBM and advanced packaging.
High-NA EUV reaches production-readiness milestone
ASML announced that Intel uses EXE High-NA EUV on selected Intel 18A Panther Lake layers in high-volume manufacturing, with yields matched to the NXE platform.
SEMI raises equipment outlook to USD 165.9 billion for 2026
SEMI’s mid-year forecast projected 23.2% growth in 2026 semiconductor equipment sales, driven by leading-edge logic, advanced memory, test and packaging investment for AI.
Lam Research highlights rising 3D etch and deposition intensity
Lam described a manufacturing shift in which NAND, logic, DRAM and packaging move toward 3D architectures, increasing the need for deeper etch and precision deposition.
REPORT SCOPE & SEGMENTATION
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2021–2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2034 |
| Historical Period | 2021–2025 |
| Market Size 2025 | USD 116.70 billion |
| Market Size 2034 | USD 185.90 billion |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.3% from 2026–2034 |
| Unit | Value (USD Million/Billion) and system shipments where applicable |
| Segmentation | By Type, By Application, By End User, By Equipment Technology, By Wafer Size, By Region |
| By Type | Front-end Equipment (Lithography, Etch, Deposition) · Back-end Equipment (Test, Assembly & Packaging) · Metrology & Inspection Equipment |
| By Application | Foundry and Logic · NAND Memory · DRAM Memory · Package & Testing |
| By End User | IDMs (Integrated Device Manufacturers) · Foundries · OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly & Test) |
| By Equipment Technology | EUV Lithography · Advanced Packaging · 3D NAND Stacking |
| By Wafer Size | 300mm Semiconductor Equipment · 200mm Semiconductor Equipment · Specialty Wafer Sizes |
| By Region | Each region analysed by equipment type, application, end user, equipment technology, wafer size and country manufacturing ecosystemNorth AmericaUnited States, Canada, MexicoEuropeNetherlands, Germany, France, Belgium and other European marketsAsia PacificChina, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and other Asian marketsSouth AmericaBrazil, Argentina and other South American marketsMiddle East & AfricaIsrael, Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa and other MEA markets |
| Key Companies Profiled | Applied Materials, Inc. · ASML Holding N.V. · Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL) · Lam Research Corporation · KLA Corporation · SCREEN Semiconductor Solutions · ASM International · Carl Zeiss SMT · Hitachi High-Tech Corporation · Advantest Corporation · Teradyne Inc. · NAURA Technology Group · Axcelis Technologies · Onto Innovation · EBEAM Corporation |
| Customization Scope | Free report customization equivalent to up to four analyst working days with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional and segment scope. |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the 2025 size of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment market?
The 2025 market size is USD 116.70 billion, with USD 122.90 billion in 2026 and USD 185.90 billion projected for 2034. The 2026 and 2034 endpoint values correspond to a 5.3% annual growth path, which is used consistently throughout this overview.
Which equipment type leads the market?
Front-end equipment leads with 87.6% share in the current market structure because lithography, etch, deposition, cleaning and related wafer-fabrication steps account for the largest share of semiconductor capital intensity. Back-end test and packaging are growing rapidly as AI and HBM increase device complexity.
Which application shows the strongest demand?
Foundry and logic shows the strongest demand because AI accelerators, high-performance computing and 2 nm gate-all-around technology require leading-edge lithography, deposition, etch and process-control capability. Memory remains a major growth engine through HBM DRAM and 3D NAND transitions.
Which region leads the market?
Asia Pacific is the dominant region because China, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan contain the largest concentration of foundry, DRAM and NAND manufacturing. SEMI reported that China, Taiwan and Korea together represented 79% of global semiconductor equipment spending in 2025.
What is the 2026 market size?
The market is valued at USD 122.90 billion in 2026 in the report series. Broader industry data from SEMI also shows strong 2026 equipment momentum, with its latest OEM forecast reaching USD 165.9 billion across semiconductor manufacturing equipment categories.
Why is High-NA EUV important?
High-NA EUV raises numerical aperture from 0.33 to 0.55, improving patterning resolution for future leading-edge nodes. Intel and ASML reported High-NA use in high-volume manufacturing during 2026 on selected Intel 18A layers, demonstrating an important step toward broader production adoption.
What are the main growth drivers?
The primary drivers are AI-related leading-edge logic, HBM and DRAM expansion, 3D NAND layer migration, advanced packaging and regional fab investment. These trends increase process-step count, dimensional complexity and equipment value across both front-end wafer fabrication and back-end test and packaging.
What are the main market restraints?
The major restraints are very high equipment capital cost, export controls, long precision-component lead times and semiconductor capital-spending cyclicality. Customers may delay orders when utilization falls, while equipment suppliers must invest years ahead to support new lithography, deposition and process-control requirements.
How is advanced packaging changing equipment demand?
HBM, chiplets and hybrid bonding move package manufacturing toward wafer-level precision. New tools are needed for TSV plating, CMP, wafer thinning, hybrid bonding, inspection and high-power test. This makes back-end equipment more technically complex and raises the share of semiconductor capital spending linked to packaging.
What does the report cover?
The report covers front-end, back-end and metrology equipment; foundry/logic, NAND, DRAM and packaging applications; IDM, foundry and OSAT end users; EUV, advanced packaging and 3D NAND technologies; 300 mm, 200 mm and specialty wafer sizes; five global regions; capacity analysis; and all profiled equipment companies.
Research Sources & Evidence Base
View primary and authoritative evidence used in this overview
- SEMI. 2026 Mid-Year Total Semiconductor Equipment Forecast – July 2026 industry forecast covering total equipment, WFE, test, assembly and packaging, logic, DRAM and NAND spending.
- SEMI. 2025 Worldwide Semiconductor Equipment Billings – April 2026 evidence on 2025 billings, front-end/back-end growth and regional spending concentration.
- ASML. High-NA EUV Readiness Milestone – July 2026 official evidence on Intel 18A high-volume manufacturing using High-NA EUV.
- ASML. 2025 Full-Year Results – January 2026 official financial evidence on revenue, bookings, backlog and High-NA shipments.
- Lam Research. Deposition and Etch in the AI Era – April 2026 technology evidence on rising 3D process intensity across NAND, DRAM, logic and packaging.
- Applied Materials. HBM and Advanced Packaging Equipment – August 2026 primary evidence on new plating, CMP, PECVD and hybrid-bonding manufacturing systems.
Get Sample Report PDF for Exclusive Insights
Report Sample Includes
- Table of Contents
- List of Tables & Figures
- Charts, Research Methodology, and more...